What’s the difference between fantasy and science fiction? There are a few key differences between the genres that are worth thinking about in any ‘science fiction vs fantasy’ debate.
Why do the differences between sci-fi and fantasy matter?
One of the most important reasons to think about these genres differences is book marketing.
Agents and publishers will want you to succinctly describe your book, in terms that make its genre clear.
When it is clear that your book falls into a specific genre (though many ‘science fantasy’ novels blend both), this makes it easier for readers to find it.
In addition, if you want to write a book, your plot will differ according to whether you are using classic fantasy or science fiction themes and tropes.
Science fiction vs fantasy: Key elements
Let’s explore key differences between science fiction and fantasy:
Science fiction tends to focus on technological advancement
Alien civilizations with advanced spacecraft. Humans creating robots that spell their doom. Science fiction most often grapples with the question of technology and its capacity for good and harm.
Sci-fi makes the implausible possible
[Thank you to Sam in the comments for this good phrase – ed’s note.]
Science fiction deals with scenarios and technology that are possible or may be thanks to scientific discovery.
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LEARN MORESome science fiction such as far-future space opera or time travel stories may seem implausible, but they are still not beyond the realm of scientific theory.
Fantasy makes the physically impossible real
On the other hand, fantasy generally deals with supernatural and magical occurrences that have no basis in science or (often) even physics.
Fantasy predates science fiction
Fantasy is an older genre of literature than science fiction; in fact, fantasy is arguably the oldest genre.
If we look back at the earliest surviving stories from human civilisation such as the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh or the ancient Greek myths, we find stories of gods, monsters and magic.
Science fiction is a relatively recent genre of the last century or so with origins going back only a few hundred years before that.
How are science fiction and fantasy alike?
Both fantasy and science fiction entail imagining other possible worlds. They explore hypothetical futures (or pasts).
Both genres require rules. Just because fantasy is not based on scientific facts or speculation doesn’t mean that anything goes in fantasy. Certain laws must govern a fantasy world as well; the difference is that in fantasy, the author makes up the rules.
In sci-fi, the author may make up some of the world’s rules, but these are often drawn from taking scientific realities (such as AI or the search for new technological abilities) to new conclusions.
Surprisingly, science fiction and fantasy cannot always be distinguished by settings or other elements. Many would argue that Anne McCaffrey’s Pern series is science fiction despite the existence of dragons while others say the Star Wars films are clearly fantasy despite the space setting.
For a deeper dive into fantasy fiction, this complete guide shares popular subgenres, worldbuilding tips, fantasy-writing tips from masters of the genre and more.
Have a fantasy or science fiction book in progress? Work with a writing coach who understands your genre.
Working with a coach has helped me stay focused and purposeful in my writing sessions, and I’m near the end of my first draft now. The continuous encouragement has helped so much and I have the guides on Now Novel’s blog to dip into whenever a craft-related problem crops up, as well as my coach – a great sounding board. — James
32 replies on “The difference between fantasy and science fiction”
It’s really fairly simple folks and I’ll put it in a nutshell: science fantasy makes the impossible, possible. Science fiction on the other hand, makes the improbable plausible. Granted there are gray areas between the two genres.
Hi Sam, thank you for sharing that! It’s an interesting take (although maybe I’d add that science fiction or speculative fiction more broadly also makes the probable/likely actual?) For example, we have people like Elon Musk wanting to put chips in people’s brains, so a cyborg isn’t too far off of reality nowadays (i.e. whether or not it’s possible is an increasingly gray area too). Thank you for sharing your thoughts.
What about giving a fantasy element a scientific origin in your story world?
For example, mythological creatures like dragons, chimeras, griffins,… are definitely a fantasy element. But if a fantasy element like that gets a scientific origin like genetic engineering, or as part of a technologically advanced society’s terraforming process, can you still call it a fantasy element or has it become science fiction?
That’s a great question, Jolene. I would say if technological experimentation or ‘progress’ features then there is a definite science fiction element. Many authors do write science fiction with fantasy elements (or fantasy with science fiction elements) so you could probably market the book under both categories due to this hybrid genre element.
Science fiction imagines ‘probable’ worlds often (where, for example, X technological idea such as artificial intelligence is taken to a further conclusion) and fantasy imagines ‘possible’ or even impossible worlds (thinking here, for example, of Terry Pratchett’s flat world balanced on the backs of four elephants which in turn stand on the back of a giant turtle). So if a story combines both things it’s more of a hybrid genre.
Let me know if you have any further questions, and thank you for reading our blog.
Science-fiction stories have significantly changed the world. Most of the technologies people rely on today were built from science-fiction novels, magazines, or movies. They have caused scientific developments and provided visions that inspired scientists and engineers to create for generations.
I love that idea, Benoit – it’s true that sci-fi has ‘predicted’ (or rather influenced) ways we think about and use technology. That’s a very interesting thought, thank you for reading our blog and for sharing.
The Orson Scott Card Ender’s books are a good example of a cross over between sci-fi and fantasy. There are definitely sci fi elements in the earlier books but the series skews towards fantasy when physics is supplemented by magic.
Thank you for sharing this, James – that is a good example (though it is unfortunate in my opinion that Scott punches down at minorities in some of his work, so there are other authors I would recommend over OSC). For example McCaffrey’s ‘Dragonriders of Pern’ series.
Punches down? What do you mean?
Hi Michael, thanks for asking. [Salon has a fairly detailed write-up](https://www.salon.com/2013/05/07/sci_fi_icon_orson_scott_card_hates_fan_fiction_the_homosexual_agenda_partner/) of some of Scott Card’s documented anti-LGBTQ+ statements as well as propagandistic elements of his fiction. Of course if a person is of a conservative point of view they might not see this as punching down, but I would say taking aim at LGBTQI+ people is punching down, this group being a vulnerable minority in every country. I hope this clarifies what I meant, please feel free to disagree.